How are differing attitudes to war expressed in the poetry of WWI :: English Literature

How are differing attitudes to war expressed in the poetry of WWI that you have read? You should compare England to her sons’ with Dulce et Decorum Est. How are differing attitudes to war expressed in the poetry of WWI that you have read? You should compare ‘England to her sons’ with ‘Dulce et Decorum Est’. You may refer to other poems. Remember to consider the influence of historical contents on the poet’s viewpoints. In this poem I am going to compare two poems from World War I. The to poems that I will be comparing are ‘England to her sons’ and ‘Dulce et Decorum Est’. ‘England to her sons’ was written by W.N. Hodgson in 1914, ‘Dulce et decorum est’ was written by Wilfred Owen in 1918. These two poems that I am going to study have very different ideas towards the war. In the poem ‘England to her sons’ the attitude towards the war is very pro-war, however ‘Dulce et Decorum Est’ is very anti-war. ‘England to her sons’ is pro-war because it was written at the beginning of war in 1914 and was trying to get men to enlist for the army. ‘Dulce et Decorum Est’ is anti-war because it was written during the war in 1918 and so the poet will have experienced the war and is trying to tell the public what war is really like. ‘England to her sons’ uses a lot of propaganda, for example, ‘Free in service’, when you are at war you are not free in service, you do what you are told and this is the same with any service, also this poem is telling us how to feel about war. In ‘Dulce et Decorum Est’ no propaganda is used because the poet is trying to portray the real image of war. Each poem has very different themes in ‘England to her sons’ one of the themes is propaganda but in ‘Dulce et Decorum Est’ there is a theme of the lies of propaganda, ‘The old Lie: Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori.’ (Meaning ‘It is sweet and meet to die for your country’) and it is saying that this is all a lie. In ‘England to her sons’ another theme is men to enlist, ‘I hear you thrilling to the trumpet call of war’, people are not thrilled at the news of war and trumpets do not call. The poet is trying to make the start of war a joyous occasion. Also in ‘England to her sons’ another theme is responsibility and duty of war, ‘Steeled to suffer uncomplaining’ but

Marketing and Environmental Factors

Macro-marketing â€Å"Macro-marketing literally deals with big/important issues, beyond comparatively simple exchanges between buyers and sellers, or even relationships between companies and customers. In a more interconnected world of markets, marketers, and their stakeholders, macro-marketing is an important mechanism to study both opportunities and shortcomings of marketing, and both its intended positive effects and unintended deleterious effects.This suggests macro-marketing includes an optimistic perspective; that it seeks functional mechanisms to enhance marketing processes, to the benefit of the largest number of stakeholders, the world over. † Various Environmental factors Affecting Marketing process. Various factors affecting marketing process. The environmental factors that are affecting marketing process can be classified into : 1) Internal environment and 2) External environment Internal Environment of Marketing :This refers to factors existing within a marketing firm. They are also called as controllable factors, because the company has control over these factors : a) it can alter or modify factors as its personnel, physical facilities, organization and function means, such as marketing mix, to suit the environment. There are many internal factors that influence the marketing process, they are : Top Management : The organizational structure, Board of Director, professionalization of management.. etc..Factors like the amount of support the top management enjoys from different levels of employees, shareholders and Board of Directors have important infulence on the marketing decisions and their implementation. Finance and Accounting: Accounting  refers to measure of  revenue and costs to help the marketing and to know how well it is achieving its objectives. Finance refers to funding and using funds to carry out the marketing plan. Financial factors are financial polices, financial position and capital structure.Research and Development : Research and Development refers to designing the product safe and attractive. They are technological capabilities, determine a company ability to innovate and compete. Manufacturing : It is responsible for producing the desired quality and quantity of products. Factors which infulence the competitiveness of a firm are production capacity technology andefficiency of the productive apparatus, distribution logistics etc. , Purchasing : Purchasing refers to procurement of goods and services from some external agencies.It is the strategic activity of the business. Company Image and Brand Equity : The image of the company refers in raising finance, forming joint ventures or other alliancessoliciting marketing intermediaries, enteing purchase or sales contract, launching new products etc. In organization, the marketing resources like organization for marketin, quality of marketing, brand equity and dirtribution network have direct bearing on marketing efficiency. They are important for new product introduction and brand extension, etc.. External Environment of Marketing.External factors are beyond the control of a firm, its suceess depends to a large extent on its adaptability to the environment. The external marketing environment consists of : a) Macro environment, and b) Micro environment a) Micro environment: The environmental factors that are in its proximity. The factors influence the company’s non-capacity to produce and serve the market. The factors are : 1) Suppliers: The suppliers to a firm can also alter its competitive position and marketing capabilities. These are raw material suppliers, energy suppliers, suppliers of labor and capital.According to michael Porter, the relationship between suppliers and the firm epitomizes a power equation between them. This equation is based on the industry condition and the extent to which each of them is dependent on the other. The bargaining power of the supplier gets maximized in the following situations: a) Th e seller firm is a maonopoly or an oligopoly firm. b) The supplier is not obliged to contend with othe substitute products for sale to the buyer group. c) The buyer is not an important customer. d) The suppliers’s product is an important input to the buyer’s business and finished product. ) The supplier poses a real threat of forward integration. 2) Market Intermediaries : Every producer has to have a number of intermediaries for promoting, selling and distributing the goods and service to ultimate consumers. These intermediaries may be individual or business firms. These intermediaries are middleman (wholesalers, retailers, sgent’s etc. ), ditributing agency market service agencies and financial institutions. 3) Customers : The customers may be classified as : 1) Ultimate customers: These customers may be individual and householders. ) Industrial customers: These customers are organization which buy goods and services for producing other goods and services for the purpose of other earning profits or fulfilling other objectives. 3) Resellers: They are the intermediaries who purchase goods with a view to resell them at aprofit. They can be wholesalers, retailers, distributors, etc. 4) Government and other non-profit customers: These customers purchase goods and services to those for whom they are produced, for their consumption in most of the cases. ) International customers: These customers are individual and organizations of other countries who buy goods and services either for consumption or for industrial use. Such buyers may be consumers, producers, resellers, and governments. 6 )Competitors: Competitors are those who sell the goods and services of the same and similar description, in the same market. Apart from competition on price, there are like product differentiation. Therefore, it is necessary to build an efficient system of marketing. This will bring confidence and better results. ) Public: It is duty of the company to satisfy t he people at large along with its competitors and the consumers. It is necessary for future growth. The action of the company do infulence the other groups forming the general public for the company. A public is defined as ‘any group that has an actual or potential interest in or impact on a company’s ability to achieve its objective. ’ Public relations are certainly a broad marketing operation which must be fully taken care of. Macro Environment: Macro environment factors act external to the company and are quite uncontrollable.These factors do not affect the marketing ability of the concern directly but indirectly the infulence marketing decisions of the company. These are the macro environmental factors that affect the company’s marketing decisions : a) Demographic Forces: Here, the marketer monitor the population because people forms markets. Marketers are keenly interested in the size and growth rate of population in different cities, regions, and nat ions ; age distribution and ethnic mix ; educational levels; households patterns; and regional characteristics and movements. )Economic Factors: The economic environment consists of macro-level factors related to means of production and distribution that have an impact on the business of an organization. c) Physical Forces: Components of physical forces are earth’s  natural renewal and non-renewal resources. Natural renewal forces are forest, food products from agriculture or sea etc. Non- renewal natural resources are finite such as oil, coal, minerals, etc. Both of these components quite often change the level and type of resources available to a marketer for his production. ) Technological Factors: The technological environment consits of factors related to knowledge applied, and the materials and machines used in the production of goods and services that have an impact on the business of an organization. e) Political and Legal Forces: Developments in political and legal field greatly affect the marketing decisions. sound marketing decision cannot be taken without taking into account, the government agencie, political party in power and in opposition their ideologies, pressire groupss, and laws of the land. These variables create tremendous pressures on marketing management.Laws affect production capactiy, capability, product design, pricing and promotion. Government in almost all the country intervenes in marketing process irrespective of their political ideologies. f) Social and Cultural Forces: This concept has crept into marketing literature as an alternative to the marketing concept. The social forces attempt to make the marketing socially responsible. It means that the business firms should take a lead in eliminating socially harmful products and produce only what is beneficial to the soceity. These are numbers of pressure groups in the soceity who impose restrictions on the marketing process.

Analytical Essay (Conjoined-Judith Minty - 707 Words

Conjoined by Judith Minty is a poem that represents a broken relationship or a broken marriage. Minty uses similes, metaphors, and analogies to describe the miserable union of two people and the inseparability of the marriage that these two people are in. Marriage; the poem’s subtitle sets the theme of the poem and it is only when one begins to read the poem that it becomes understood as an unhappy poem rather than that of joy and happiness. Minty uses words that with connotations that steer more to the negative side to describe the life of a married couple. Although she does not come right out and say what she means to say, the poem speaks for itself. Orson Scott Card once said, â€Å"Metaphors have a way of holding the most truth in the least†¦show more content†¦In the second stanza of the poem Minty goes on to say that is it like â€Å"An accident, like the two headed calf rooted in one body, fighting to suck at its mother’s teats† (Minty lines 5-7) . This particular line immediately paints a picture in the readers mind Minty makes reference to marriage as â€Å"An accident,† right away it becomes evident to readers that she does not view her marriage in a positive light. It was a mistake, something that had she known it would be like this, she probably would have avoided it. She also references it to a calf that has one body but two heads that fight to get milk to survive. This metaphor is representative of the single household that has two people who are fighting to be the head of the home. Inevitably, there is only one person who will be the main leader of the house but as a couple they should be pushing each other to do well. Minty’s comparison of the marriage to Chand and Eng is another indicator of her negative views on marriage. She uses metaphorical devices to express how marriage is nothing good but rather a dooming action that binds one to the other for eternity. Finally, in the third stanza of the poem she states, â€Å"Do you feel the skin that binds us together as we move, heavy in this house† (Minty lines 10-11). This is in reference to the environment of the house. The skin enhances the metaphor as it stresses to readers how hard it is to live in the house. Using the term skin suggests that the

Essay on music and emotions - 1408 Words

How can different types of music affect people’s emotions? Music has many different ways to affect people. In some ways, it is good for the body both physically and mentally. In other ways, people think it is nice to listen to. More detailed, music has personalities, which can express what people feel. There are many observations involving different ways to express human emotions. Emotions are very interesting things, especially when they involve music. Music can have many personalities, affect people’s emotions, and be used as therapy. If music reveals emotions, it is not a normal emotion like any other (Stecker 273). The expression in music can be considered a traditionalized phenomenon (Stecker 273). There are common questions about†¦show more content†¦(www.bellaonline.com/articles/). And can slow down when there is softer music playing such as a lullaby (www.bellaonline.com/articles/). Rhythms of the music can adjust brain waves and breathing patterns (www.bellaonline.com/articles/). The vibrations from the music have an impact on the body, which can change peoples’ moods and bodily functions (www.bellaonline.com/articles/). The mind is greatly impacted by music by showing healthful changes (www.bellaonline.com/articles/). Doctors now use music for their patients’ treatments in order to help them stay healthy (www.bellaonline.com/articles/). Heart patients acquired the same benefits from listening to classical music for thirty minutes as they did from anti-anxiety medication (www.bellaonline.com/articles/). Musical therapy has been used to help people with heart problems, which worked quite effectively. (www.bellaonline.com/articles/). People who have had migraines frequently, were trained to use music and relaxing procedures to reduce their headaches. Studies have also shown that music helps students with their intelligence levels (www.bellaonline.com/articles/). A majority of students had higher test scores than others because they listened to Mozart before their exam. People who listened to classical music for an hour and a half while revising manuscripts increased their accuracy by 21% (www.be llaonline.com/articles) (Mish 725.). Mozart has a big impact on peopleShow MoreRelatedMusic and Emotion1137 Words   |  5 PagesJack Peluso-Hoffman 24 : 101 : 37 10/10/07 Music Day Music affects people in various ways. Ones reaction to music differs from person to person. It can evoke emotions of both joy and happiness. Music can stir up old memories of different times, places, and people. In the U.S. a major part of life is music, as stated by Natalie Guice Adams and Pamela J. Bettis, â€Å" American institution that can tell us something about ourselves, like jazz, baseball, and cheerleading, are also not static butRead MoreThe Influence Of Music On Emotions995 Words   |  4 PagesEmotions do truly control our life. We act out of fear, love, happiness, hatred, jeoulosy, the list is almost endless. But music has a profound effect on all of them as I stated earlier. Levitin and I both realize it s influence. So why do I always write about the influence of music on emotions. We ll looking at my first essay it is easy to see. I clearly state â€Å" Since music is so psychologically important in my mind, I find it no problem to believe that I am an emotiona l listener† (personal essayRead MoreThe Effects Of Music On Audiences Emotions1573 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction â€Å"The marriage of the moving image and music is perhaps the most powerful visual communication we have. You can take almost any edited visual film sequence and change the emotion and feelings engendered by the use of music.† A quote from director Norman Jewison that shows just how important music has become as a storytelling device alongside film in the past few decades. Before that, some people believed music was a â€Å"fad† accompanying film, something that would go out of fashion as quicklyRead MoreThe Relationshipt between Music and Emotion1075 Words   |  4 PagesMUSIC AND EMOTION: Emotion is defined as a strong feeling deriving from ones circumstances, mood, or relationships with others. Music may be defined as vocal or instrumental sounds (or both) combined in such a way to produce beauty of form and harmony. Research indicates that people value music primarily because of the emotions it evokes. Yet, the notion of musical emotions remains controversial, and researchers have so far been unable to offer a satisfactory account of such emotionsRead MoreMusic : Emotion, Language And Rhythm1098 Words   |  5 Pages Music: Emotion, Language and Rhythm/Beat Did you know that your favorite song is probably your favorite, because you associate it with an emotional event in your life? Music is a very strong and influential part of our lives, not only because it allows us to connect with certain situations but, it also allows us to cope with certain situations as well. Often it shows the emotional state in which we are in and we use it in everyday life all the time whether it be at work to concentrate, homeRead MoreCorrelation Between Emotion And Music Performance1730 Words   |  7 PagesThere are studies that aimed to measure the correlation between emotions with other variables, and adding to that, physiological response was also measured in recent researches (Elices et al, 2012, Rollings, 2013). It suggested some parts of the brain are associated with emotions (Miu Baltes, 2012, Mauss Robinson, 2009). When measuring empathy, researchers tend to use tools such as questionnaires and physiological changes when applying a stimuli. The evidence showed the changes of physiologyRead MoreReflection Of Tchaikovsky : The Different Emotions Of Music791 Words   |  4 Pagesmusic is beautiful, it has different emotions. Joy, sorrow, love, and pain for example. Music gives me joy. I can sit for hours listening to different pieces. I love the classical era. Tchaikovsky is an amazing composer, im in love with his 1812 Overture and how he wrote for canons to be fired a total of 16 times. That is so cool! Ive played the viola for 4 years now, and while it wasnt my choice to start, I love playing it immensly. There are times when I cant play a piece the way I would likeRead MoreThe Effects Of Music On Positive Psychology And Emotion Essay1891 Words   |  8 PagesAbstract The impact of music on positive psychology and emotion is a well known fact. Music has an extraordinary ability to change people’s emotions. In humans, music has the ability to invoke emotions of sadness, happiness and even fear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the casual relationship between music practice and participation on the emotions and well-being of male and female adults. The hypotheses for this study were as follows; Hypothesis 1: Music practice and participationRead MoreHow And Why Are Music And Emotion Linked?2939 Words   |  12 PagesPSYC380 Term 2 Essay 2nd February 2015 How and why are Music and Emotion Linked? School of Psychology, Plymouth University When discussing the link between music and emotion, we first need to attempt to define the concept of emotion. Emotion is rudimentarily defined as a â€Å"complex state of feeling that results in physical and psychological changes that influence thought and behaviour† (Myers, 2004). Furthermore, emotion is usually accompanied with physiological changes - but research and opinionRead MoreDeep Listeners : Music, Emotion, And Trancing By Judith Becker Essay1607 Words   |  7 PagesThe book I decided to review is â€Å" Deep Listeners: Music, Emotion, and Trancing† by Judith Becker. I picked this book because I believe that I can relate music induced trancing with my major, which is music therapy. In the introduction Becker begins to discuss how trancing has become more prominent in Northwestern Europe and the United States. Becker describes trancing as, â€Å"empowering, for all concerned, attesting to the divine presence in one’s midst, legitimizing the religio us beliefs and practices

The Behavioral Perspective Of Psychology - 1490 Words

Martinez 1 Julian Martinez Professor Roger Copeland Psychology 2301 29 August 2014 Psychology Perspectives The behavioral perspective of psychology is focused on explaining why people react the way they do to specific situations and environments. People will tend to act differently according to the environment they happen to be in, and they will most likely act in a way where the most benefit will be attained. If a reward is given every time a certain action is made, people will begin to change their behavior in order to receive the reward. The reward gives a sense of satisfaction to the people, so it is easy for them to fall in the habit of doing that certain action. Punishment is also something that will change a person’s doing. If punishment is repeatedly given for a particular action, just like with the reward, people will automatically adjust their behavior to avoid the negative consequence. It seems that the way people act is directly influenced by the consequences of their actions, and it has nothing to do with anything going on inside their minds. Th is perspective does not take in account the processes of the mind because those mental processes cannot be observed or studied directly. The problem with taking mental processes in account is that it would leave many questions unanswered about the reasons for a particular behavior. Martinez 2 Psychologist John B. Watson was among the first to shed light on the behavioralShow MoreRelatedThe Behavioral Perspective Of Clinical Psychology993 Words   |  4 PagesClinical psychology is a relatively new area of study in the broad category of psychology. It is a subfield of psychology that covers a wide range and variety of topics and issues such as the study, diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders. (Feldman, 2010) Clinical psychologists also might deal with patients who have learning disorders, substance abuse, depression, anxiety and eating disorders. This paper will briefly discuss the behavioral perspective, some research methods in the fieldRead MorePsychology : Psychodynamic And Behavioral Perspectives1320 Words   |  6 PagesIn psychology there are six modern psychological perspectives. These perspectives are behavioral, psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive, sociocultural, and biological. Each perspective has its own unique way of explaining the human beha vior. I believe to truly explain the complex mental processes and behavior, each perspective must be examined and not limited to just one. The following is my explanation and comparisons between two of these perspectives: psychodynamic and behavioral perspectives pertainingRead MoreThree Theoretical Perspectives Explaining Human Behavior893 Words   |  4 PagesExplain the 3 theoretical perspectives explaining human behavior and which is most valid There are three theoretical perspectives that account for human behavior, with varying degrees of efficacy. These include evolutionary psychology, behavioral genetics, and behavioral neuroscience. Each theoretical framework makes intellectual sense and can claim to explain human behavioral in a general sense. At the same time, they take vastly different attitudes toward the way in which the human brain operatesRead MoreThe Diverse Nature of Psychology Essay examples1075 Words   |  5 PagesThe Diverse Nature of Psychology The American Psychological Association has identified 54 divisions within the field of psychology (Plante, 2011). Each division has stemmed from one of the seven major perspectives: psychodynamic, behavioral, humanistic, cognitive, sociocultural, biological, and evolutionary. This diversity within psychology, allows psychologists the ability to expand in all areas of explanation, assessment, and diagnoses, which furthers the science of psychology through many differentRead MoreContemporary Approaches Of Psychology And How They Interpret Drug Use897 Words   |  4 PagesContemporary Approaches in Psychology and how they Interpret Drug Use The seven contemporary approaches or theories in psychology include Biological, Behavioral Psychodynamic, Humanistic, Cognitive, Evolutionary, Sociocultural. These seven contemporary approaches allow us to interpret the behavior of individuals. Each perspective makes certain assumptions about human behavior. For this analysis we will review the behavioral and sociocultural approaches in psychology and compare how they interpretRead MoreThe Question in the Origins of Psychology is What Drives Us and Why722 Words   |  3 Pageswas considered as its own scientific discipline. Psychology began in 1879 when a man named Wilhelm Wundt set up a psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany. This laboratory would be considered the birth place of experimental psychology. Within the laboratory, Wundt independently trained over 180 students. Over 100 of these students came from other countries, and then returned to their native countries with the knowledge of experimental psychology. Of the one-hundred, Edward Titchener returned toRead MorePerspectives of Psychology1141 Words   |  5 PagesPerspectives of Psychology Psychology can be defined as the systematic study of mental processes, couple with behaviors, and experiences (Kalat, 2011). There are many ways in examining, mental processes and behaviors among people, and therefore psychologist uses different perspectives to understand how human beings, think, act, and behave. Some psychologist uses one perspective to analyze behaviors, and other uses a multidimensional approach. Carter Seifert (2013) identified 7 major perspectivesRead MoreJohn Locke And Locke s Views On Nature Nurture1629 Words   |  7 Pages As of the making of the new science â€Å"psychology,† the ancient Greeks created psychology’s biggest question in history; â€Å"Are our human traits present at birth, or do they develop through experience?† That specific question developed the â€Å"nature-nurture issue.† The nature-nurture issue is what the behavior goes to heredity or experience. As the issue began, Greek philosopher, Plato, assumed that we inherit character, intelligence, and certain ideas are developed inborn, on the contrary, Greek philosopherRead MoreThe Psychology Of Clinical Psychology967 Words   |  4 PagesClinical psychology is a relatively newer area of study in the broad category of psychology. It is subfield of psychology that covers a wide range and variety of topics and issues such as the study, diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders. (Feldman, 2010) This paper will briefly discuss the behavioral perspective, some research methods in the field of psychology , positive and negative components associated with clinical psychology, and different controversies and ways to overcome theseRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Psychology1228 Words   |  5 Pages1. What roles did Wundt and James play in establishing psychology? Wilhelm Wundt played a key role in establishing psychology after his book Principles of Physiological Psychology argued that psychology should be studied as it s own distinct scientific discipline rather than a sub-category of physiology. In 1879, Wundt founded the first laboratory of scientific psychological research at the University of Leipzig. He was very influential and over the years, thousands of students attended his lectures

Defining Friendship free essay sample

A friend is someone you can trust. That they can get you through mind numbing class. Someone who pulls you back and stays when everything else goes astray. Amigos are those who guide you through fear. They stand below you shouting,Dont worry! Ill catch you. Lam Just right here! When youre almost lost and could not see far. Let takes only one friend to show you where you are. Unfortunately,it does not always last long. This happen when a friend is Just a clone.In some tales,friends will always be there for you. But in real life,its quite hard to define a good friend. A friend is someone who willing to hear your problems,your hurt and a lot more. But no ones perfect,friendship will never last long. Every friendship that has been build before will never mend to last. We will write a custom essay sample on Defining Friendship or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Even If we want It to last long,there always a massive problem that will break us apart. So,Lam taking this chance while it last,our friendship will past as we grow.Defining a friendship is never easy. You might even think Im a little bit crazy. Differences do not set us apart. Let Just show youre not holding back your heart. Sharing dreams,hopes and sorrow. Trying so hard not to think of tomorrow. Journey to journey,path to path and step by step. cant believe weve been through a lot. Len you and me, hope you will find a friend. And a friendship,as clinched as It may sound that will never end.

The Impact of social class on education free essay sample

Sociologists have argued that social class differences in educational attainment can be explained in many terms but not necessarily in mutual exclusive kinds of theories such as; IQ theory; social class differences in material circumstances; sub- cultural attitudes and values and the school labelling processes Just to mention a few. Sociologists tend to be critical of the IQ theory for various reasons including the factors affecting how it is measured, so in this essay, I shall therefore concentrate pon the other more sociological approaches and exclude the IQ theory. The following list of key words were essential in my argument; different methods of attainment, gender, ethnicity, cultural deficits, social status, formal and non-formal socialisation, equality of opportunities, ladder of opportunity, formal and hidden curricula, meritocracy, anti-school subculture, cultural deprivation, material deprivation, cultural capital and self fulfilling prophecy. It is perceived that the British society is divided into different social classes. I would ardly agree with the idea that the British society is meritocratic, meaning that there is social mobility and any individual can be rewarded through hard working, skills and commitment. I would hardly agree with the idea that the British society is meritocratic, meaning that there is social mobility and any individual can be rewarded through hard working, skills and commitment. There is an upper class comprised with people that are very wealthy, by either inheritance or are self made millionaires and their children are most likely to attend private and expensive schools. The middle class; these have professional backgrounds such as teachers, doctors, surgeons etc. Their children are likely to either attend private schools or mainstream schools in a wealthy area, with good OFSTED and GCSE results. Then there are the working class people, usually with backgrounds of heavily dependent on benefits and low income paid jobs. Children from working class families do not tend to do very well in their education. They normally attend local public schools in their area and usually receive free meals at school. Although the government in many cases blame poor teaching and schools for underachievement, it recognises that a childs postcode is also a factor in determining achievement. Postcodes tend to reflect a childs social class background (Earlham sociology pages AS Level and A2 Level Sociology, 2012, online). Students from the lower class are more likely to suffer from material deprivation at home which can hold them back, they lack access to resources such as computers, useful books, educational trips, variety in mass media and by living in small dilapidated cold houses means they are less likely to have a quiet and comfortable personal study space. In some extreme situations, these children may have poor diet which can lead to illness and time off school. According to Gibson and Asthana (1999), the effects of material deprivation are cumulative, creating a cycle of deprivation. This would suggest that home background influences a child’s education (Browne 2006, p. 257). The Middle class parents can pass on cultural and material advantages that privilege or enable their children to succeed within the education system (Archer, 2003, p. 17). Certain ethnic minorities find English as their additional language affecting their childrens education. The evidence of language is central in confirming stereotypes and producing unfavourable opinions. Language and communication are so important according to Vygotsky, labelling it a â€Å"tool of thought† (Kurata 2011, p. 11). He sees it as important as a way children develop their thinking and understanding and as a means of sharing thoughts and understanding each other. Negative teacher attitudes towards the speech of culturally and socially different children affect teacher expectations, which affect pupil performance. Corson, (1998) and Pierre Bourdieu (1977) described this undermining of working-class’ ability, choices, knowledge, accent, and general confidence as a form of symbolic violence meaning that it is not acceptable. The middle-class is able to define the curriculum and what counts as meaningful knowledge. This clearly puts the working-class at a disadvantage despite their equal enthusiasm with the middle class to do the best for their children. Ball, Bowe and Gewirtz (1995) talk about cultural capital and educational choice to reflect on how being better educated themselves, middle-class parents have better knowledge and skills to negotiate and influence the education system. Many working-class parents are ambitious for their children too but do not know how to give practical help and they are usual tied up with long hours at work. However, middle class parents are likely to hold a more advantaged position than working class parents when interacting with teachers and other professionals and this may be demonstrated by their ability to: monitor their child’s progress at school, assist with home work, pay for extra tuition, they seek extra support for their child or complain about what they judge to be shortcomings in the school. Troyna (1986) and Sarup (1991) claim that there are school structures and environment that favours the white, middle-class culture especially the language and curriculum (Gewirtz, 2001. pp 365 378 ). Many sociologists see social class achievement as linked to the meanings and experience that are negotiated in schools and classrooms. According to interactionists the underachievement of working-class pupils is not caused by unequal social structures, but by processes within the school such as teacher labelling and expectations. These processes together with the hidden curriculum result in self-fulfilling prophecies and anti-school subcultures. Sociologists have also argued that relative working class educational achievement can be explained partly by processes of streaming, banding, setting and labelling. This whole system produces what I would refer to as a chain reaction of events. The streaming produces the failing and challenging schools and further streaming in classes produces the cream and the disengaged students. When teachers group students on the basis of their assumed ability, Ofsted research reveals black students are usually found in high numbers in the lower ranked groups (Gillborn 2005) Hargreaves’ idea that low stream pupils are denied academic status within the school and eventually try to regain status among their peers by misbehaving and unwillingness to work which lead to the development of anti-school subcultures in lower streams is noticeable. Additional problems arise in cases where students are labelled by teachers as worthless louts or suchlike, this would encourage more misbehaviour. There are other structural factors such as racial bullying and discrimination that can create a hostile environment in school. Also, it is possible that better teachers are assigned to higher sets and that teacher preparation for lower set is bias as these students are seen as incapable of real progress. In general terms therefore, lower set students are labelled as failures and the system of setting created the conditions which ensured failure and by so doing results in the self-fulfilling prophecy. Teachers at times chose not to teach the more complex, theoretical ideas to these lower set students on the assumption that they would not understand them. Obviously, this is likely to restrict their progress. Nevertheless in Uncertain Masculinities (2000) M. ODonnell and S. Sharpe argue strongly that negative labelling is less common nowadays. If this is true, the prospects for all poor working class children might gradually improve. Once students are in school, the dual factors of socialization and social status contribute significantly to their attitude towards learning. The school socialization process pressures students to be like their peers or risk social rejection, whereas the desire for high social status drives students to attempt to differentiate themselves in some areas such as music and dance, sports, personal style, sense of humor, or street skills. Paul Willis (1977) in â€Å"Learning to Labour† claims that the working class children choose to fail in schools as a rejection of capitalism as an act of resistance. Correspondence theory suggests that educational inequality mirrors the inequality of wider society. The â€Å"Lads† as he called them, reject the mental labour (studying and thinking) and pursue manual labour because they perceive it as an expression of masculine power and superiority representing a source of independence. There is also a possibility of lack of meaningful careers guidance and the impact of stereotyping on expectation. Joan McFarland argues in the British Journal of Sociology that in many of Willis work, his sample is not representative; he is only coming from a male standpoint. I believe in democracy and freedom with the curriculum. The so rigid and prescribed curriculum in schools kill creativity by insisting on systems and conformity, children learn to accept authority in an unthinking fashion. I believe in holistic development, meaning, Schools have major responsibilities for developing the whole person, not just their intellect. There should be Curriculum autonomy; Schools should be free to decide their own curriculum, and the way that it is taught according to (Gazeley, L. and Dunne, M. 2005). Conformity rather than independent thoughts give the view that life and education is just an inevitably routine, there is no space for naturalness or free spirit. According to Maxine Greene, we can now realise the impact of new technologies on teaching and learning using the arts as a tool for opening minds and for breaking down the barriers to imagining the realities of worlds other than our own familiar cultures. Imagination and the arts can provide experiential opportunities to see the world from multiple perspectives, helping individuals to â€Å"wake up† and question what is going on around them in order to start their own journey towards freedom (The Maxine Greene Foundation for Social Imagination, the Arts Education, 2008 online). In conclusion, I would cry for more democracy in how the curriculum is set. I would agree with Dewey and Maxine Greene on their idea of imagination, flexibility and freedom with the curriculum instead of focusing more on certain core subjects. In this contemporary world, there are more opportunities in art, music, sports and other professions related to Physical Educational industry rather than just Mathematics, Science and English.